DOCUMENTATION
Product catalog
- Primary element product catalog
- Process connection accessories catalog
Primary element configuration
- Questionnaire for calculation of orifice plates
- Questionnaire for calculaction of restriction orifice plates
Hook-up diagrams
- Hook up diagrams
Cone meters
Cone meters work on the Δp principle and are used for measurement of fluid flow (liquids, gas and steam). The profile of the cone positively affects the velocity profile so they need very short straight pipe lengths (3D and 1D, upstream and downstream, respectively).
Types of cone meters
Cone meter with the “-“ tapping on the cone
Use: General use for all fluids
Cone diameter: 0,66D ≤ dc ≤ 0,89D
Pipe internal diameter: 50 ≤ D ≤ 500 mm
Uncertainty of discharge coefficient: δC/C ≥ 0,5 %
For pipe diameters less than 50 mm or greater than 500 mm cone meters must be calibrated.
Element with the “-“ tapping on the pipe
Use: General use for all fluids
Cone diameter: 0,66D ≤ dc ≤ 0,89D
Pipe internal diameter: 25 ≤ D ≤ 150 mm
Uncertainty of discharge coefficient: δC/C ≥ 1 %
These primary elements need to be calibrated
Technical information:
- Cone meters
Orifice plates
Orifice plates are used for measurement of fluid flow (liquids, gas and steam). This measurement is based on the Δp principle. They are still widely used in the industry because of their simple construction and reliable performances.
Types of orifice plates
Square edge orifice plate
Use: General use for all fluids
Bore diameter: d ≥ 12,5 mm
Pipe internal diameter: 50 ≤ D ≤ 1000 mm
Diameter ratio β=d/D: 0,1 ≤ β ≤ 0,75
Uncertainty of discharge coefficient: 0,5 ≤ δC/C ≤ 1,25 %
For pipes with internal diameter less than 50 mm metering runs are used.
Position of Δp tappings:
Flange tappings
Corner tappings
D and D/2 tappings
Conical entrance orifice plate
Use: For viscous fluids
Bore diameter: d ˃ 6 mm
Pipe internal diameter: 25 ≤ D ≤ 500 mm
Diameter ratio β=d/D: 0,1 ≤ β ≤ 0,316
Uncertainty of discharge coefficient: δC/C = 2 %
Tapping position Δρ: Corner
Quarter circle orifice plate
Use: For viscous fluids
Bore diameter: d ≥ 15 mm
Pipe internal diameter: 25 ≤ D ≤ 500 mm
Diameter ratio β=d/D: 0,245 ≤ β ≤ 0,6
Uncertainty of discharge coefficient: 2 ≤ δC/C ≤ 2,5 %
Tapping position Δρ:
1) Corner
2) Flange
Eccentric orifice plate
Use: For dirty fluids
Bore diameter: d ≥ 50 mm
Pipe internal diameter: 100 ≤ D ≤ 1000 mm
Diameter ratio β=d/D: 0,46 ≤ β ≤ 0,84
Uncertainty of discharge coefficient: 1 ≤ δC/C ≤ 2 %
Corner tappings are used
Technical information:
- Square edged orifice plate
- Conical entrance orifice plate
- Quarter circle orifice plate
- Eccentric orifice plate
- Orifice plate with flange tappings
- Orifice plate with corner tappings
- Orifice plate with D and D/2 tappings
Metering runs
Meter run assembly is made out of stainless steel and it’s components are an orifice plate and the needed straight lengths before and after the orifice plate. This construction expands the field of use of the orifice plate.
Use: General use for all fluids
Diameter ratio β=d/D: 0,23 ≤ β ˂ 0,7
Pipe internal diameter: 25 ≤ D ˂ 50 mm
Uncertainty of discharge coefficient: 1,0 ≤ δC/C ≤ 1,75 %
For bore diameters less than 12,5 mm the uncertainty of the discharge coefficients increases significantly
Corner tappings are used
Tehničke informacije:
Nozzles
Nozzles are used for measurement of fluid flow (liquid, gas, steam). It is based on the Δp principle. In comparison with orifice plates they produce less permanent pressure loss and they have a longer service life.
Types of nozzles
ISA 1932 Nozzle
Use: General use for all fluids
Pipe internal diameter: 50 ≤ D ≤ 500 mm
Diameter ratio β=d/D: 0,3 ≤ β ≤ 0,8
Uncertainty of discharge coefficient: 0,8 ≤ δC/C ≤ 1,2 %
Tapping position: Upstream corner tapping, downstream corner tapping or distanced from the upstream face of the nozzle according to standard
Long radius nozzle
Use: General use for all fluids
Pipe internal diameter: 50 ≤ D ≤ 630 mm
Diameter ratio β=d/D: 0,2 ≤ β ≤ 0,8
Uncertainty of discharge coefficient: δC/C = 2 %
Tapping position D and D/2
Venturi nozzle
Use: General use for all fluids
Nozzle throat diameter: d ≥ 50 mm
Pipe internal diameter: 65 ≤ D ≤ 500 mm
Diameter ratio β=d/D: 0,316 ≤ β ≤ 0,775
Uncertainty of discharge coefficient: 1,21 ≤ δC/C ≤ 1,74 %
Tapping positions: Upstream tapping D/2 from the convergent part, downstream tapping on the middle of the cylindrical throat of the venturi tube.
Technical information:
- ISA 1932 nozzle
- Long radius nozzle
- Venturi nozzle
Restriction orifice plate
These types of plates are used when there is a requirement to reduce the process line pressure or to restrict the flow to a pre-defined value regardless of the downstream pressure.
Types of restriction orifices
Single-hole orifice plate
Use: General use for all fluids
Pipe internal diameter: D ≥ 15 mm
Diameter ratio β=d/D: 0,1 ≤ β≤ * 0,75
Multi-hole restriction orifice
Use: General use for all fluids, when there is need for noise reduction
Pipe internal diameter: D ≥ 15 mm
Diameter ratio β=d/D: 0,1 ≤ β ≤ 0,75
Technical information:
- Restriction orifice plates
Venturi tubes
Venturi tubes are used for measurement of fluid flow based on the Δp principle. They produce very low permanent pressure loss. By standard three types of venturi tubes are defined depending on the method how the convergent part has been made:
1-Venturi tube with an “as cast” convergent section
2-Venturi tube with a machined convergent section
3-Venturi tube with a rough-welded sheet-iron convergent section
Venturi tube with a machined convergent section
Use: General use for all fluids
Diameter ratio β=d/D: 0,4 ≤ β ≤ 0,75
Pipe internal diameter: 50 ≤ D ≤ 250 mm
Uncertainty of discharge coefficient : δC/C = 1 %
Tapping positions: Upstream tapping D/2 from the convergent part, downstream tapping on the middle of the cylindrical throat of the venturi tube.
Technical information:
- Venturi tube with a machined convergent section
Process connection accessories
In order to connect transmitters with a process, you need some of the following accessories:
-shut off valves,
-fittings,
-tubes,
-adapters
-valve manifolds
Process connections accessories should be chosen taking care of:
-physical quantity that is measured (pressure, differential pressure, level, flow…)
-aggregate state of the fluid (liquid, gas or steam)
-fluid aggressiveness and
-mechanical and thermal properties of the fluid (pressure and temperature).
Recommendations for process connections Hook up diagrams
Technical characteristics of the equipment as well as data for selection and ordering are given in Equipment for process connections
Computing units
In most cases when measuring fluid flow with a Δp device, the fluid density is considered to be constant and equal to the value used in the calculation of the primary element. If the density deviates from the design value, an error in flow measurement occurs. For applications that require high accuracy, it is necessary to determine the actual (working) density under operating conditions. Fluid density is very rarely measured directly, the most often used method for determining density is calculating it from operating conditions (pressure and temperature). The newly calculated density is used with corresponding equations to correct the measurement of fluid flow. IAPWS-IF97 is used to calculate steam and water properties.
PLC blocks
PLC blocks are blocks that realize specific functions such as:
— Flow correction when Δp principle is used (flow of water, steam, natural gas…)
— Flow correction when Vortex, Electromagnetic, Ultrasound or Turbine flow meters are used
— Calculation of delivered heat energy
— Calculation of density, enthalpy…
Open channel flow measurement
One of the most used methods for fluid flow measurement in open channels is measuring the height of the fluid while it is flowing through a dam or weir of known geometry. Velocity and volume flow are calculated based on the contactless measurement of fluid height.
"V-notch" measuring run
Use: Waste water
Notch angle: 25°≤ α ≤ 90°
Analyzer panels/buildings
Analyzer panels/buildings are a combination of experience, practice, expertise and a desire to integrate all components in order to fully automate analytical measurements. We design, make, install, commission, and service the following systems.
Types of analyzers
Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS)
Used for measuring and regulating combustion products in industrial plants. The measurement includes automated chemical analysis of the following chemical elements: CO, CO2, NOx, SO2 i O2. Measurement and regulation include other process parameters such as:
– Flue gas velocity (volumetric flow)
– Moisture content in flue gases
– Content of powdered materials
– Pressure and temperature
System for measuring and regulating the concentration of dissolved oxygen in water
The consequence of an increased dissolved oxygen content is accelerated corrosion. 3B Inženjering offers a complete solution of sample preparation, sampling, measurement and regulation of dissolved oxygen.
System for measuring and regulating the PH and conductivity of fluids
3B Inženjering offers an automated system for measuring and regulating the pH value of fluids in industrial plants, especially in the preparation of boiler water and wastewater.
Most often, the measurement and regulation of water conductivity is performed together with the measurement and regulation of the pH value of boiler water. These two parameters are key in pipe and boiler systems because they directly affect: sludge formation, formation of deposits that
Most often, the measurement and regulation of water conductivity is performed together with the measurement and regulation of the pH value of boiler water. These two parameters are key in pipe and boiler systems because they directly affect: sludge formation, formation of deposits that reduce head conduction, corrosion of metal surfaces. 3B Inženjering offers combined and separate systems for measuring conductivity and pH.
Wastewater oil measurement and regulation system
In industrial wastewater, the primary goal is the protection of the environment and its preservation. 3B Inženjering offers a solution for detecting wastewater oil.
Primary element calculation
Primary devices are restrictions that are installed in the pipeline. When fluid flows through the pipeline where the restriction is installed, there is a pressure drop, based on this pressure drop fluid flow can be determined. Primary devices are defined by the international standard ISO 5167 and ISO TR 15377. Based on these standards, 3B Inženjering calculates the dimensions, pressure drop, flow and measurement uncertainties.